Plot: Animals
With the help of my younger brothers, we went out on a scavenger hunt for 5 non-mammilian organisms. We were able to find a bee, a fly,a mosquito, a spider, a worm and with luck a lady bug all in and around my plot.
BEE
- Bee's digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine
- Have several sub-brains that are spread out through their bodies
- Bee's send feedback to the main brain, about their current state of environment
FLY
- One single vessel pumps and manages the flow of blood throughout the body
- Ganglia controls the functions of the digestive and circulatory system
MOSQUITO
- The nerve cord runs through the thorax and abdomen
- Nerves from the subesophageal ganglion, control most of the mosquitos mouth parts, the slavery glands and neck muscles
SPIDER
- The nervous system of a spider is located in the prosoma
- The breathing system of spider is different from ours. There are two separate systems involved, book lungs and tracheae. The book lungs are assumed to be the first respiratory system evolved which is later replaced by the tracheae.
A book lung consists of a stack of plates. Blood flows through these plates and the gas is exchanged. The gases pass in and out by a diffusion process and it therefore not very efficient. In more active spiders tracheae replace part of the book lung or the whole book lung. The tracheae are tubes that do not branch but run from the opening on the outside directly into the tissues and organs.(http://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/Spiders/Info/spiderinfo.htm)
source: http://arthropods2011.wikispaces.com/ARACHNIDS
Earthworm
- The brain is connected to he ventral nerve cord which runs the length of the body
- They are sensitive to touch, light, moisture and temperature
- "The cerebral ganglion, located at the front of the worm, serves as the brain. This nerve bundle is responsible for receiving external information such as light, heat, moisture and vibrations. The worm relies on the ganglion and a ventral nerve cord for sensory input from the world around them.
While we don't fully understand all the functions of the nervous system, it is believed that body functions such as reproduction and life cycles are regulated within the nerve ganglion." (http://www.eulesstx.gov/composting/vc_anatomy.htm)
LADY BUG
just a bonus* landed on me, they say its "good luck"!
just a bonus* landed on me, they say its "good luck"!
Homeostasis
source: https://biofiveblog.wordpress.com/2012/09/08/intro-lecture/
Homeostasis is to maintain internal conditions in irregular external conditions. The homoeostasis system has three parts, the sensor which measures the water or temperature levels in the blood that is being regulated. The second part is the effector that can change by increasing or decreasing the system, the controller is the last part of the homeostatic system it registers information and sends the signals ti the effectors.
- Negative feedback: "is the process of keeping a system at the set point; which ever way the system deviates, a force is applied in the opposite direction to bring it back in line." (Biology for the informed citizens:Pg. 317)
- Temperature and fluid balance:
source:http://benmorristech.com/health/what-is-homeostasis/
Respiratory & cardiovascular system
Our circulatory system is in charge of carrying our blood throughout our bodies, that consists of our blood, heart and blood vessels. Meanwhile our respiratory system allows us to breath. These two systems work together to provide our body functions with oxygen.
source:http://www.methacton.org/Page/6989
The respiratory system, supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide it consists of lungs and branched airways.
The respiratory system, supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide it consists of lungs and branched airways.
- The epiglottis: Covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow and exposes the entrance when you inhale
- The trachea: Leads deep into the lungs
- The bronchi: Are the largest branches from the trachea
- The lungs: Consists of two sacs that provide branched airways
- The nose: Helps filter out particles
- The bronchioles: Connected to the trachea, are a branch of small bronchus
- The alveoli: Are tiny walled sacs where oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood
- The respiratory pump: Works by changing the chest cavities volume it is made up of ribs and attached muscles and diaphragm oxygen
Flow of blood through the body
source: http://pediatricheartspecialists.com/articles/detail/normal_blood_flow
The circulatory system, are vessels that branch into smaller vessels bringing oxygen to cells and removing carbon dioxide. The circulatory system also consists of arteries, capillaries, veins and the heart.
- The heart: The system requires a pump that keeps blood flowing
- Veins: Are vessels that transport blood towards the heart
- Arteries: Function oppositely from the veins, the arteries are blood vessels that transport blood AWAY from the heart
- Capillaries: Are smaller vessels which red blood cells travel one at a time they are located at the ends of arterioles(smallest arteries)
The respiratory and circulatory systems are controlled by the medulla oblongata and the pons, the medulla oblongata controls breathing, heart rate and digestion. The pons that controls respiration, swallowing, sleep and bladder control.
"The medulla control of respiration rate is an example of homeostasis. Breathing centers in your brain-in particular, two areas at the top of your spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the pons-control your respiration rate. Nerves run between the medulla and pons cause these nerves to fire in a cyclic pattern, and when they fire, it causes to inhale. After each inhalation, and before the next round of nerve firing, these muscles relax and you exhale." (Biology of the informed citizen:Pg.363)
"The medulla control of respiration rate is an example of homeostasis. Breathing centers in your brain-in particular, two areas at the top of your spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the pons-control your respiration rate. Nerves run between the medulla and pons cause these nerves to fire in a cyclic pattern, and when they fire, it causes to inhale. After each inhalation, and before the next round of nerve firing, these muscles relax and you exhale." (Biology of the informed citizen:Pg.363)
Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system
source: http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/highland/departments-centers/Neurosurgery/What-is-a-Neurosurgeon.aspx
The central nervous system controls the actions of the body, the spinal cord and the brain work together to communicate to the rest of the body.
The peripheral nervous system is consistent of nerves radiating out from the central nervous system and through the body allowing the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the rest of the body.
The peripheral nervous system is consistent of nerves radiating out from the central nervous system and through the body allowing the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the rest of the body.
Pathogens
source: https://healdiseases.wordpress.com/category/understanding-pathogens/
We face an array of potential pathogens everyday whether is within us or around us. Vibrio is a bacteria that becomes successful when they subvert the body's normal cellular mechanisms to help themselves. For the vibrio to survive it must enter the body, travel through the stomach and into the intestine, defeat the body's defenses, attach to the cells, reproduce and trigger diarrhea.
Prokaryotic are simple cells that can live within or on us some, some may cause diseases. Protozoa and eukaryotes are another including fungus,worms, giardiasis that can cause diseases. Viruses are particles that cannot replicate unless its in a host cell, viruses are responsible for diseases such as HIV, AIDS and colds. Prions nonliving infectious proteins which result untreatable.
How does the immune system protect us?
Prokaryotic are simple cells that can live within or on us some, some may cause diseases. Protozoa and eukaryotes are another including fungus,worms, giardiasis that can cause diseases. Viruses are particles that cannot replicate unless its in a host cell, viruses are responsible for diseases such as HIV, AIDS and colds. Prions nonliving infectious proteins which result untreatable.
How does the immune system protect us?
- Non-specific barriers, mechanical and chemical boundaries block bacteria from entering our body and other pathogens.
- Second line of defense is the immune systems internal defenses, this includes non specific barriers such as macrophages, natural killer cells, defense proteins and inflammatory responses.
- B lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and specialized in fighting bacteria.
- T cells are specialized in killing cell infected viruses, cancer cells, fungi and worms they are the main players in cell mediated immunity.
Healthy diet
There are various components of a healthy diet, both quantity and quality are important concepts. Not only do we need to consume enough food to supply or bodies with sufficient energy but we must also consume a balanced diet such as grains,diary, proteins, vegetables and fruit.
source:http://www.motleyhealth.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/eatwellplatelarge2.jpg
source:http://www.motleyhealth.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/eatwellplatelarge2.jpg
- Water is another essential for a healthy diet, it is necessary for body functions, maintain normal blood pressure, to eliminate solid wastes from the body and to maintain a balanced body temperature. It also prevents dehydration that can results in stomach cramps and diarrhea and can be deadly in some cases.
- Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are essential because they are major energy sources for our body. Carbohydrates include whole grains, pasta, rice. Proteins include meats, fish, nuts, beans. Fats include diary, oils, meats, grains.
- Vitamins assist in enzymes in the regulation of cellular chemical pathways. Minerals help with bone development, muscle movement and nerve impulses and fluid balance in the body. Fibers help keep moving through the digestive system.
The digestive system enables the extraction of energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules. Food break down begins in the mouth, the esophagus leads to the stomach and trachea it moves food to the stomach with the help of peristalsis (muscle contractions that propel foods that have been swallowed toward the stomach and the digestive system) Most of the chemical breakdown of food takes place in the stomach and small intestine. The pancreas digests carbohydrates, proteins and fats into sugars, amino and fatty acids. The liver like the pancreas is another accessory organ, the liver produces bile that helps dissolve fats.
source: http://andreeasanatomy.blogspot.com/2011/05/your-thirst-and-hunger-centers-tell-you_9242.html
Cellular respiration
source:http://elinow-bioreview2.wikispaces.com/Cellular+Respiration
The cellular respiration is the process which cells extract energy from food molecules it consists of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis produces ATP extracted from glucose. The Krebs cycle starts with pyruvic acid and produces GTP and NADH that works like a storage battery for high energy electrons. The electron transport chain is the main producer of ATO, and is located in the mitochondria.
Fetal pig dissection
The dissection of the fetal pig was very disturbing, smelly and gross but yet surprisingly interesting. It is crazy to see how our organs look like and how they function. Although I admit I did not do any "hands on work" I was a great observer and recorder!
Pigs external measurements
WEIGHT: 6.6 lbs LENGTH: 37 cm
WEIGHT: 6.6 lbs LENGTH: 37 cm
Thymus
WEIGHT: 3.0 g LENGTH: 1.7 inch
Function: Organ of the immune system that produces s white blood cells
Thyroid
WEIGHT: 0.9 g LENGTH: .8 inch
WEIGHT: 3.0 g LENGTH: 1.7 inch
Function: Organ of the immune system that produces s white blood cells
Thyroid
WEIGHT: 0.9 g LENGTH: .8 inch
Gall Bladder:
WEIGHT: 1.1 g LENGTH: 3 inch
Function: Stores bile for the liver
Spleen
WEIGHT: 3.6 g LENGTH: 6. inch
Pink spots/patches
Function: Acts as a filter for the blood
Pancreas
WEIGHT: 3 g LENGTH: 3 inch
Function: Breaks down protein, carbs and fats with its own digestive juices
Right kidney
WEIGHT: 9.5 g LENGTH: 4 inch
purple and pink in color
Left kidney
WEIGHT: 10.3 g LENGTH: 4 1/2 inch
black/brown spots with less pink compared to the right kidney also larger in size
Function: elimination of wastes, filtering blood, homeostasis, balancing acid
WEIGHT: 1.1 g LENGTH: 3 inch
Function: Stores bile for the liver
Spleen
WEIGHT: 3.6 g LENGTH: 6. inch
Pink spots/patches
Function: Acts as a filter for the blood
Pancreas
WEIGHT: 3 g LENGTH: 3 inch
Function: Breaks down protein, carbs and fats with its own digestive juices
Right kidney
WEIGHT: 9.5 g LENGTH: 4 inch
purple and pink in color
Left kidney
WEIGHT: 10.3 g LENGTH: 4 1/2 inch
black/brown spots with less pink compared to the right kidney also larger in size
Function: elimination of wastes, filtering blood, homeostasis, balancing acid
Stomach
WEIGHT: 25.7 g LENGTH: 6 inch
brown in color with pink patches spread around
Function: Main function is digestion, storing and breaking down foods
Small intestine
WEIGHT: 50.7 g LENGTH: 7ft
seemed bigger than the large intestine before it wasuntangled
Function: Absorb food and nutrients
Large intestine
WEIGHT: 31.9 g LENGTH: N/A
seemed smaller than the small intestine
Function: absorb water in and transport it out of the body
WEIGHT: 25.7 g LENGTH: 6 inch
brown in color with pink patches spread around
Function: Main function is digestion, storing and breaking down foods
Small intestine
WEIGHT: 50.7 g LENGTH: 7ft
seemed bigger than the large intestine before it wasuntangled
Function: Absorb food and nutrients
Large intestine
WEIGHT: 31.9 g LENGTH: N/A
seemed smaller than the small intestine
Function: absorb water in and transport it out of the body
Left lungs
WEIGHT: 41.8 g LENGTH: N/A
Far more pink than the right lung also larger in size.
RIght lungs
WEIGHT:33.4 g LENGTH: N/A
Pink in color and slightly smaller then the left lung.
Function: For oxygen to enter the body rl
WEIGHT: 41.8 g LENGTH: N/A
Far more pink than the right lung also larger in size.
RIght lungs
WEIGHT:33.4 g LENGTH: N/A
Pink in color and slightly smaller then the left lung.
Function: For oxygen to enter the body rl
Liver
WEIGHT: 95.8 g LENGTH: N/A
Round shaped with pink and red patches.
Function: Produces bile digestion
WEIGHT: 95.8 g LENGTH: N/A
Round shaped with pink and red patches.
Function: Produces bile digestion
Heart
WEIGHT: LENGTH: 4 1/2 inch
Nut shaped with dark veins and brown patches
Function: The hearts main function is to act as a pump to keep blood moving
WEIGHT: LENGTH: 4 1/2 inch
Nut shaped with dark veins and brown patches
Function: The hearts main function is to act as a pump to keep blood moving
Definitely the most disturbing part of the whole dissection was the brain!
The brain was very similar to a heart shape
Function: Controls the functions of the body
Function: Controls the functions of the body